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Introduction to Understanding Advantage Play Slots

As a slot machine enthusiast, have you heard intriguing rumors of the secret world of advantage players? Perhaps you saw the “Susan B. Anthony” used to reward a poorly treated casino reviewer at the end of the third Ocean’s movie? Here, I separate fact from fantasy. Let’s start understanding advantage play slots.

This article has the following sections:

Mpirun -np 4 -hostfile hostfile python -c 'print 'hello' fails with 'There are not enough slots available in the system to satisfy the 4 slots' https.

Introduction to Understanding Advantage Play Slots
What’s an Advantage Play, Anyway?
Understanding Advantage Play Slots #1: Game Themes
Understanding Advantage Play Slots #2: Team Approach
Understanding Advantage Play Slots #3: Modern Casinos
Sooner or Later, Advantage Plays Stop Working
Summary of Understanding Advantage Play Slots

Keep Reading … or Listen Instead!

This audio contains commentary not found anywhere else!

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What’s an Advantage Play, Anyway?

In the gaming industry, an advantage play occurs whenever a gambler improves their odds of winning using gameplay knowledge not ordinarily available.

To help understand the general principle, consider a common non-gaming example: Credit card programs. Credit card companies exist offering cash-back for purchases. Chase Sapphire and Capital One Silver come to mind. Perhaps you’ve seen the television commercials with Samuel L. Jackson?

A credit card advantage play of such programs is to figure out how to make many, and I mean a lot of purchases to maximize cash-back. For example, perhaps you pay your rent or mortgage with that credit card.

Instead of paying directly with a credit card, which typically isn’t possible, you could find a reputable company that pays your rent or mortgage by check while you pay for the service via credit card. If the cash-back exceeds the small fee for the exchange, it’s an advantage play.

Or maybe you’re an entrepreneur with an Amazon fulfillment business. Perhaps you buy several items, put them together as a nice kit, then sell the package on Amazon. Why wouldn’t you purchase those single items with a cash-back credit card? If you sell at high-volume, you could push $10,000, or a whole lot more, through that credit card each month.

An advantage play example from the gaming industry, for table games, is card counting. This form of advantage play has a long and rich history. There’s even a major motion movie about blackjack card counting from 2008, 21.

But we’re interested in advantage plays involving slot machine casino gambling. In the next sections, we’ll work toward understanding advantage play slots, including my own relatively unique perspective for the modern casino environment.

Understanding Advantage Play Slots #1: Game Themes

The most popular slots advantage plays discussed online are about specific slot machine game themes. Every game theme has gameplay rules, which might have loopholes of which players can take advantage.

The essential approach to game theme advantage plays usually occurs during gameplay, although not always, which I’ll discuss in a moment. Class II competition-style slot machine game themes typically include a decision point for the player where there is a right or wrong answer.

Advantage players figure out in advance which answer is correct, sometimes only after extensive effort and research.

The difficulty with this approach is the assumption that it’s also an advantage play which applies to Class III Vegas-style games of chance at non-tribal casinos as well as Class II skill-based games typically only available at tribal casinos.

Do gameplay advantage plays exist for Class III slot machines? Once, they did. It was even somewhat prevalent, even as recently as 30 years ago. But, today? Not really.

What is my justification for this position? It’s based on thorough gaming regulations, including state-by-state testing of all game themes by independent laboratories. Very, very few game theme loopholes make it through such rigorous testing. See Advantage Play Against Slots (AP Heat Advantage Play) by Eliot Jacobson, Ph.D., published on March 6, 2017.

But I didn’t state that Class III slot machine advantage plays don’t exist. I said, they don’t really exist. What did I mean by this?

What I meant by this are the several circumstances where advantage plays can exist, if you want to expend the effort to find them. Just keep in mind that any serious advantage player carefully balances energy and cost with potential profit.

Put another way, figuring it out must be worth it. Some enterprising online individuals claim to have figured out a few game theme loopholes and share them freely. See Analyzing 4 Different Slots Advantage Play Methods by Randy Ray, published on May 11, 2019.

A few, usually new, audience members will ask my opinion for the best slot machines to play. My serious reply is those machines on which you win. Most of my audience agrees. In my opinion, looking for mistakes in game themes that made it past gaming regulators is a waste of time given how rare this occurrence has become.

However, lots of slots players think what casinos want them to think: Play your favorite slot machine game theme because, since it’s your favorite, you’ll win. Such an attitude from your casino isn’t gambling advice. It’s only marketing.

We’ve discussed game theme decision points and game theme loopholes, but there’s more. Another advantage play is to find slot machines with specific game themes played somewhat. A previous player could have paid for getting a slot machine closer to paying out.

A typical example is progressive slot machines with a must-win-by maximum jackpot. This amount is typically unknown. But extensive observation by an advantage player (AP) could allow them to figure it out, so they then only play progressives close to this limit.

The advantage play approach to progressive slot machines requires a great deal of patience to accomplish. If you’re interested in learning more about this approach, see my articles on progressive slots winning strategies:

Understanding Advantage Play Slots #2: Team Approach

Serious advantage players are typically part of closed communities. When an AP figures out how to take advantage of a slot machine, whether progressive, Class II, or otherwise, they are quite naturally secretive about it.

As I’ll discuss in a later section, many advantage plays are somewhat fragile. They are undoubtedly expensive in either time or money, sometimes both, to figure out. Therefore, APs will protect them like an investment.

But APs sometimes can’t figure out an advantage play without a team. Or they figure out an advantage play, as with a bank of networked progressive machines close to its jackpot limit, where every seat should have a team member sitting in it for the best chance of a return on investment.

Advantage players have figured out the cheapest way to learn a new advantage play is to watch known advantage players, then do what they do. These APs swoop in at the last moment to try to profit, such as taking one of those seats at an about-to-win bank of progressive slot machines.

Finally, it’s human nature to brag about our accomplishments. APs can and do make this mistake, but perhaps less often as they gain more experience at advantage plays. However, a regular slots player might put two-and-two together after observing an experienced AP winning. After all, most casinos are typically open to the public.

Another aspect of the team approach is the distraction it can provide. As mentioned previously, card-counting has a rich history. In the early days, one of the difficulties with card-counting was casino recognition from past winning sessions.

What was the card-counting APs response? Disguises. With modern casinos and a requirement for government-issued IDs, disguising an individual is very limited unless you happen to have an identical twin.

But you could explain the advantage play you’ve figured out to a team of trusted individuals, perhaps family members. They could then perform the advantage play for a pre-determined profit share.

Understanding Advantage Play Slots #3: Modern Casinos

With modern-day casinos and gaming regulations, slot machine advantage plays have undergone a sea change. It’s no longer possible to drop coins with a complicated pattern, which might cause a win, if that advantage play ever worked in the first place.

Using terminology from the Ocean’s 13 movie, a “Susan B. Anthony” con doesn’t matter any longer because U.S. casinos no longer use coin-operated slot machines. But that doesn’t mean advantage plays no longer exist. It means they’ve changed with the times.

Around 2012, slot machine manufacturers started offering operating systems to help casinos handle larger crowd sizes with ease, efficiency, and a smaller workforce. One of these innovations was a central computer server hardwired to every slot machine.

With it, casino operators could reduce their army of slots mechanics to a much smaller, and therefore cheaper, group. Instead of the mechanics changing the odds of winning every one to two weeks as needed to meet state gaming requirements, the computer server could do it electronically several times a day.

In this way, the casino saved money in two important ways: a smaller workforce devoted mostly to machine maintenance and a vast improvement in their ability to meet financial performance metrics from multiple weeks to several times daily.

Yes, slot machines still operate randomly under these new casino operating systems. But because the odds of winning can be remotely adjusted several times daily. Therefore, the odds of winning, while still random, are different before and after. And one is better than the other.

The task of the modern-day slot machine advantage player is to figure out which is which. Are the best odds in the morning, afternoon, or evening? Is it on busy days at the casino or non-busy days? On a holiday evening or the morning day after a holiday?

Modern casino operating systems have much more excellent control over slot machines than ever. While this slot machine control is by a computer, the computer is itself controlled by humans. And humans love to tinker. And humans also make mistakes.

Rather than explain my winning slots strategies based on casino business practices here, I’ll refer you to my many website articles and podcast episodes on that topic.

Sooner or Later, Advantage Plays Stop Working

The types of advantage plays are effectively endless, but they all have one common disadvantage: Sooner or later, they stop working. Why? Because sometimes an advantage play is a disadvantage for someone or something else.

If a business practice is an advantage play, or even if it’s going too well, it’s not uncommon for that business to shut it down. Sometimes, there’s also a time limit on how long it lasts, making it more of a promotion than a business practice.

Because individual advantage plays stop working eventually, successful APs keep working on the next advantage play. For APs, figuring out advantage plays is a never-ending process.

But, as with most situations, there’s an advantage play for this, too. Some advantage plays go unnoticed because they are not dramatic. Any disadvantage to the casino is so small that it goes unnoticed.

Put another way the weakest advantage plays last the longest. One massive jackpot would be wonderful, but does it matter if it takes a year or two to make the same gaming profit at a much less noticeable level? Being less noticeable now is better for future advantage plays.

Some advantage plays are a change in perspective. Casino operators see a reduced workforce and daily performance metrics as their advantage play. That some modern APs, such as myself, have turned those business practices on their head doesn’t matter.

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As I’ve previously mentioned, advantage players consider the time and cost of an advantage play versus its potential profit. As advantage players, casino operators make these same calculations with their millions or billions of dollars in gaming revenue.

As with card-counting, casinos adapted to players using that advantage play. In return, card counters wore disguises. Then casinos added more decks. Players figured out the math for using packs of decks.

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And so it went, back and forth, until we now have casino surveillance of card games pattern recognition, automatic shufflers of a large number of decks, or even infinite decks,

Slot machine advantage plays, although more secretive, have already had to deal with counter-responses from casinos. While casinos had good business reasons to switch over from coins to ticket-in, ticket-out readers, doing so had a major impact on coin drop sequence advantage plays, whether they were effective advantage plays or not.

Modern slot machine advantage plays which currently work will stop working because casinos will develop counter-measures or change their business practices for some other reason. They do that, you know.

I’ve seen this happen. For me, some significant advantage plays went away after nine months. But I responded by figuring out the next advantage play. That’s what all APs, modern or not, do.

And maybe the new slot machine advantage plays I’ve figured out and used successfully, my winning slots strategies, will work at other casinos for you. I’m sharing them for two reasons. First, I have a (well-paid aerospace engineering) day job, which prevents me from using my winning strategies elsewhere, outside of an occasional weekend getaway.

Second, I’m doing that thing which APs do. I’ve determined that it is an advantage play to share this information with you. With enough time and effort, there is a potential profit in serving a community of slots players. I hope so, anyway. I’ve got massive student loans to pay.

Summary of Understanding Advantage Play Slots

Advantage plays have always been a bit mysterious because sharing them is counter-productive to winning at slots when using them.

But sharing is caring, so I’ve written this article on understanding advantage play slots from a modern-day perspective.

About A/B system updates

A/B updates require changes to both the client and the system. The OTA package server, however, should not require changes: update packages are still served over HTTPS. For devices using Google's OTA infrastructure, the system changes are all in AOSP, and the client code is provided by Google Play services. OEMs not using Google's OTA infrastructure will be able to reuse the AOSP system code but will need to supply their own client.

For OEMs supplying their own client, the client needs to:

Decide when to take an update. Because A/B updates happen in the background, they are no longer user-initiated. To avoid disrupting users, it is recommended that updates are scheduled when the device is in idle maintenance mode, such as overnight, and on Wi-Fi. However, your client can use any heuristics you want.
Check in with your OTA package servers and determine whether an update is available. This should be mostly the same as your existing client code, except that you will want to signal that the device supports A/B. (Google's client also includes a Check now button for users to check for the latest update.)
Call update_engine with the HTTPS URL for your update package, assuming one is available. update_engine will update the raw blocks on the currently unused partition as it streams the update package.
Report installation successes or failures to your servers, based on the update_engine result code. If the update is applied successfully, update_engine will tell the bootloader to boot into the new OS on the next reboot. The bootloader will fallback to the old OS if the new OS fails to boot, so no work is required from the client. If the update fails, the client needs to decide when (and whether) to try again, based on the detailed error code. For example, a good client could recognize that a partial ('diff') OTA package fails and try a full OTA package instead.

Optionally, the client can:

Show a notification asking the user to reboot. If you want to implement a policy where the user is encouraged to routinely update, then this notification can be added to your client. If the client does not prompt users, then users will get the update next time they reboot anyway. (Google's client has a per-update configurable delay.)
Show a notification telling users whether they booted into a new OS version or whether they were expected to do so but fell back to the old OS version. (Google's client typically does neither.)

On the system side, A/B system updates affect the following:

Partition selection (slots), the update_engine daemon, and bootloader interactions (described below)
Build process and OTA update package generation (described in Implementing A/B Updates)

Note: A/B system updates implemented through OTA are recommended for new devices only.

Partition selection (slots)

A/B system updates use two sets of partitions referred to as slots (normally slot A and slot B). The system runs from the current slot while the partitions in the unused slot are not accessed by the running system during normal operation. This approach makes updates fault resistant by keeping the unused slot as a fallback: If an error occurs during or immediately after an update, the system can rollback to the old slot and continue to have a working system. To achieve this goal, no partition used by the current slot should be updated as part of the OTA update (including partitions for which there is only one copy).

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Each slot has a bootable attribute that states whether the slot contains a correct system from which the device can boot. The current slot is bootable when the system is running, but the other slot may have an old (still correct) version of the system, a newer version, or invalid data. Regardless of what the current slot is, there is one slot that is the active slot (the one the bootloader will boot form on the next boot) or the preferred slot.

Each slot also has a successful attribute set by the user space, which is relevant only if the slot is also bootable. A successful slot should be able to boot, run, and update itself. A bootable slot that was not marked as successful (after several attempts were made to boot from it) should be marked as unbootable by the bootloader, including changing the active slot to another bootable slot (normally to the slot running immediately before the attempt to boot into the new, active one). The specific details of the interface are defined in boot_control.h.

Update engine daemon

A/B system updates use a background daemon called update_engine to prepare the system to boot into a new, updated version. This daemon can perform the following actions:

Read from the current slot A/B partitions and write any data to the unused slot A/B partitions as instructed by the OTA package.
Call the boot_control interface in a pre-defined workflow.
Run a post-install program from the new partition after writing all the unused slot partitions, as instructed by the OTA package. (For details, see Post-installation).

As the update_engine daemon is not involved in the boot process itself, it is limited in what it can do during an update by the SELinux policies and features in the current slot (such policies and features can't be updated until the system boots into a new version). To maintain a robust system, the update process should not modify the partition table, the contents of partitions in the current slot, or the contents of non-A/B partitions that can't be wiped with a factory reset.

Update engine source

The update_engine source is located in system/update_engine. The A/B OTA dexopt files are split between installd and a package manager:

frameworks/native/cmds/installd/ota* includes the postinstall script, the binary for chroot, the installd clone that calls dex2oat, the post-OTA move-artifacts script, and the rc file for the move script.
frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/OtaDexoptService.java (plus OtaDexoptShellCommand) is the package manager that prepares dex2oat commands for applications.

For a working example, refer to /device/google/marlin/device-common.mk.

Update engine logs

For Android 8.x releases and earlier, the update_engine logs can be found in logcat and in the bug report. To make the update_engine logs available in the file system, patch the following changes into your build:

These changes save a copy of the most recent update_engine log to /data/misc/update_engine_log/update_engine.YEAR-TIME. In addition to the current log, the five most recent logs are saved under /data/misc/update_engine_log/. Users with the log group ID will be able to access the file system logs.

Bootloader interactions

The boot_control HAL is used by update_engine (and possibly other daemons) to instruct the bootloader what to boot from. Common example scenarios and their associated states include the following:

Normal case: The system is running from its current slot, either slot A or B. No updates have been applied so far. The system's current slot is bootable, successful, and the active slot.
Update in progress: The system is running from slot B, so slot B is the bootable, successful, and active slot. Slot A was marked as unbootable since the contents of slot A are being updated but not yet completed. A reboot in this state should continue booting from slot B.
Update applied, reboot pending: The system is running from slot B, slot B is bootable and successful, but slot A was marked as active (and therefore is marked as bootable). Slot A is not yet marked as successful and some number of attempts to boot from slot A should be made by the bootloader.
System rebooted into new update: The system is running from slot A for the first time, slot B is still bootable and successful while slot A is only bootable, and still active but not successful. A user space daemon, update_verifier, should mark slot A as successful after some checks are made.

Streaming update support

User devices don't always have enough space on /data to download the update package. As neither OEMs nor users want to waste space on a /cache partition, some users go without updates because the device has nowhere to store the update package. To address this issue, Android 8.0 added support for streaming A/B updates that write blocks directly to the B partition as they are downloaded, without having to store the blocks on /data. Streaming A/B updates need almost no temporary storage and require just enough storage for roughly 100 KiB of metadata.

To enable streaming updates in Android 7.1, cherrypick the following patches:

These patches are required to support streaming A/B updates in Android 7.1 and later whether using Google Mobile Services (GMS) or any other update client.

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Life of an A/B update

The update process starts when an OTA package (referred to in code as a payload) is available for downloading. Policies in the device may defer the payload download and application based on battery level, user activity, charging status, or other policies. In addition, because the update runs in the background, users might not know an update is in progress. All of this means the update process might be interrupted at any point due to policies, unexpected reboots, or user actions.

Optionally, metadata in the OTA package itself indicates the update can be streamed; the same package can also be used for non-streaming installation. The server may use the metadata to tell the client it's streaming so the client will hand off the OTA to update_engine correctly. Device manufacturers with their own server and client can enable streaming updates by ensuring the server identifies the update is streaming (or assumes all updates are streaming) and the client makes the correct call to update_engine for streaming. Manufacturers can use the fact that the package is of the streaming variant to send a flag to the client to trigger hand off to the framework side as streaming.

After a payload is available, the update process is as follows:

Step	Activities
1	The current slot (or 'source slot') is marked as successful (if not already marked) with `markBootSuccessful()`.
2	The unused slot (or 'target slot') is marked as unbootable by calling the function `setSlotAsUnbootable()`. The current slot is always marked as successful at the beginning of the update to prevent the bootloader from falling back to the unused slot, which will soon have invalid data. If the system has reached the point where it can start applying an update, the current slot is marked as successful even if other major components are broken (such as the UI in a crash loop) as it is possible to push new software to fix these problems. The update payload is an opaque blob with the instructions to update to the new version. The update payload consists of the following: Metadata. A relatively small portion of the update payload, the metadata contains a list of operations to produce and verify the new version on the target slot. For example, an operation could decompress a certain blob and write it to specific blocks in a target partition, or read from a source partition, apply a binary patch, and write to certain blocks in a target partition. Extra data. As the bulk of the update payload, the extra data associated with the operations consists of the compressed blob or binary patch in these examples.
3	The payload metadata is downloaded.
4	For each operation defined in the metadata, in order, the associated data (if any) is downloaded to memory, the operation is applied, and the associated memory is discarded.
5	The whole partitions are re-read and verified against the expected hash.
6	The post-install step (if any) is run. In the case of an error during the execution of any step, the update fails and is re-attempted with possibly a different payload. If all the steps so far have succeeded, the update succeeds and the last step is executed.
7	The unused slot is marked as active by calling `setActiveBootSlot()`. Marking the unused slot as active doesn't mean it will finish booting. The bootloader (or system itself) can switch the active slot back if it doesn't read a successful state.
8	Post-installation (described below) involves running a program from the 'new update' version while still running in the old version. If defined in the OTA package, this step is mandatory and the program must return with exit code `0`; otherwise, the update fails.
9	After the system successfully boots far enough into the new slot and finishes the post-reboot checks, the now current slot (formerly the 'target slot') is marked as successful by calling `markBootSuccessful()`.

Note: Steps 3 and 4 take most of the update time as they involve writing and downloading large amounts of data, and are likely to be interrupted for reasons of policy or reboot.

Post-installation

For every partition where a post-install step is defined, update_engine mounts the new partition into a specific location and executes the program specified in the OTA relative to the mounted partition. For example, if the post-install program is defined as usr/bin/postinstall in the system partition, this partition from the unused slot will be mounted in a fixed location (such as /postinstall_mount) and the /postinstall_mount/usr/bin/postinstall command is executed.

For post-installation to succeed, the old kernel must be able to:

Mount the new filesystem format. The filesystem type cannot change unless there's support for it in the old kernel, including details such as the compression algorithm used if using a compressed filesystem (i.e. SquashFS).
Understand the new partition's post-install program format. If using an Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) binary, it should be compatible with the old kernel (e.g. a 64-bit new program running on an old 32-bit kernel if the architecture switched from 32- to 64-bit builds). Unless the loader (ld) is instructed to use other paths or build a static binary, libraries will be loaded from the old system image and not the new one.

For example, you could use a shell script as a post-install program interpreted by the old system's shell binary with a #! marker at the top), then set up library paths from the new environment for executing a more complex binary post-install program. Alternatively, you could run the post-install step from a dedicated smaller partition to enable the filesystem format in the main system partition to be updated without incurring backward compatibility issues or stepping-stone updates; this would allow users to update directly to the latest version from a factory image.

The new post-install program is limited by the SELinux policies defined in the old system. As such, the post-install step is suitable for performing tasks required by design on a given device or other best-effort tasks (i.e. updating the A/B-capable firmware or bootloader, preparing copies of databases for the new version, etc.). The post-install step is not suitable for one-off bug fixes before reboot that require unforeseen permissions.

The selected post-install program runs in the postinstall SELinux context. All the files in the new mounted partition will be tagged with postinstall_file, regardless of what their attributes are after rebooting into that new system. Changes to the SELinux attributes in the new system won't impact the post-install step. If the post-install program needs extra permissions, those must be added to the post-install context.

After reboot

After rebooting, update_verifier triggers the integrity check using dm-verity. This check starts before zygote to avoid Java services making any irreversible changes that would prevent a safe rollback. During this process, bootloader and kernel may also trigger a reboot if verified boot or dm-verity detect any corruption. After the check completes, update_verifier marks the boot successful.

update_verifier will read only the blocks listed in /data/ota_package/care_map.txt, which is included in an A/B OTA package when using the AOSP code. The Java system update client, such as GmsCore, extracts care_map.txt, sets up the access permission before rebooting the device, and deletes the extracted file after the system successfully boots into the new version.

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